Hitler s Reign Over Deutschland - 1463 Words

Throughout Hitler’s reign over Deutschland, Germany was fundamentally monopolized by propaganda. This method of reaching out to large groups of people has been used throughout all of history, despite many people’s’ beliefs that the idea of propaganda use is new and modern. From as early as the 1400’s, the Athenians began creating an empire using methods of propaganda through playwrights, religious festivals, and handwritten books, which all gave opportunity to shape man s beliefs and ideals. The first influential and arguably most successful use of propaganda in history was that used under the control of Hitler, which caused the majority of a powerful nation to discriminate against an entire group of people. â€Å"Hitler and Nazi officials believed it was possible to manipulate public opinion by using propaganda techniques including euphemisms, name-calling, fear, and ‘bandwagon’ which set the tone as â€Å"you are either for us or against u s†. Hitler and the Nazi regime rose to power using tactical strategies to take advantage of Germany’s disorientation and vulnerability following World War I, â€Å"Coupled with this rejection of democracy which had failed Germany was a growing belief that strong leadership was needed to transcend class and sectional interests and provide a new start† (Welch). This historical investigation will focus on Hitler’s reign as well as the Nazi regime and war propaganda during the Third Reich, and will discuss the extent to which propaganda aided the successShow MoreRelated The Holocaust and the Cultivation of Bigotry and Hate Essay4506 Words   |  19 PagesAdolph Hitler. Adolph Hitler has helped destroy the lives of millions of families around the world, but how was he able to take part in these mass killing of Jews all around Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Adolph Hitler was 18, he became interested in German nationalism, because he lived on the German-Austrian border. He became interested in politics, only after failing in art. Hitler became close friends with the mayor of Vienna, Karl Lueger. Lueger was an anti-Semite and Jew hater. Even though Hitler still

Nonverbal Communication And Its Impact On Campus - 896 Words

Nonverbal communication can be found within many objects on campus. Even though these objects do not send out direct messages, they still have significant meanings that can be captured by the public. Since nonverbal communication refers to â€Å"communication affected by means other than words† (Knapp et al. 8), it is made up with many other elements. For example, at the Tiger plaza on campus, the statue of a Tiger, which stands majestically in front of Jesse Hall, facing the Tiger Plaza, evokes the spirit of Mizzou. As a nonverbal object, the purpose of the tiger is to communicate a sense of appreciation for the university. Since the tradition of having a tiger as the mascot is passed from one generation to another generation, it represents or commemorates the university as whole. Nonverbally, the tiger exists as an emblem of the University of Missouri. Students would like to wear t-shirts with the logo of a tiger to indicate that they are part of MIZZOU. Also, I find various objects that exhibit the colors of black and gold. Like the tiger, these colors also arouse a sense of school spirit. When it is the time of holding a home football game, spectators all wear the colo r of black and gold to manifest their pride in Mizzou and Truman. Black and gold pull spectators together to inspire athletes on the field to defeat the opponents. Instead of the Tiger Plaza, other buildings like Jesse Hall and Memorial Union can also be the representatives of Mizzou. These landmarks makeShow MoreRelatedReflection Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesWords aren’t necessary to express emotions. A bright-eyed smile can tell more than words do justice. The facial expressions and gestures from a single person have the ability to make a lasting impact on someone’s heart. Many forms of communication can be heard even when no sounds are present. People who are not able to advocate clearly for themselves has always been something I wished I could change. This idea lead me to mentored kids with physical and mental handicaps during my senior year ofRead MoreHow The Institution Is Falling Short Of Creating A Welcoming Environment For Minority Students1534 Words   |  7 Pagesis falling short of creating a welcoming environment for minority students. Pope, Reynolds, Mueller (2014) caution that in order to implement effective campus diversity efforts, considering why they may fail or stop should be a starting point. A component of this conversation should include what groups are considered minorities on the campus and how each of the group s needs is being supported, and not supported. The groups discussed may include racial minorities and females as Rudgers and PetersonRead MoreElls Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish proficient are not fluent in the English language, usually because it is not their native language. Due t o the large population of English language learners on campus, I decided to dig deeper into researching strategies that help shape students to become more English proficient. Programs that are available for these students on campus are bilingual and English as second language classes. These particular classes are equipped with an aide to assist teachers with small groups, translation servicesRead MoreThe Preparation of a Workforce: Socialization of Students in Traditional vs. Online Learning Environments3932 Words   |  16 Pages effective curriculum design is hindered by the lack of understanding of the characteristics, attitudes, and needs of the students in these courses (Wang and Newlin, 140). The lack of understanding of the needs of online learning will inevitably impact cognition, but other areas, such as social skill development. I do believe that due to economic issues not issues of physical proximity, this is also a challenge for traditional brick and mortar universities as their revenues decrease and studentRead MoreBusi 600 Forum 21729 Words   |  7 Pagesdesigned to answer the question of product development in regards to teens. It was a highly effective study that is now done as an annual study of teen culture and behavior. 2. The method of Data Collection- The study used both monitoring and communication study for their research. Cheskin gave cameras out so the teen participants so they can monitor themselves and also questioned the participants and recorded their response. 3. The Power of the Researcher to produce effects in the variables-Read MoreMicroaggressions and Racism1729 Words   |  7 Pagesmessages being communicated (CITE). These messages may be sent verbally (You speak good English.), nonverbally (clutching ones purse more tightly) or environmentally (symbols like the confederate flag or using American Indian mascots). Such communications are usually outside the level of conscious awareness of perpetrators (PARAPH). The perpetrators typically harbor unconscious biases and prejudices that leak out in many interpersonal situations and decision points. There are three major typesRead MoreThe Effect Of Cell Phone On College Students Interaction At Dining Table1641 Words   |  7 Pagespeer-reviewed journals, the information shows that there are some negative correlations between the cell phone use and people’s face to face communication. The results from these researches inform me that the presence of cell phone discourages people’s interaction with each other. Thus, I argue that the presence of cell phone negatively affects college students’ communication at dinner table. Annotated Bibliography The iPhone effect: The quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobileRead MoreCommunication Is The Biggest Type Of Communication4021 Words   |  17 Pageseven more is communication. Communication is the imparting or exchanging of information or news and it is a means of connection between people or places. This known factor can be used as a large tool of improvement in any thing anybody could possibly think of relationships, teams, jobs, and as our world knows, evolution. People now a days are aware of how huge communication is to our world, to the point they want to make it so much easier to the people. When people think about communication, they automaticallyRead MoreOnline Education And Face With Face Education Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesbalance between their educational goals and professional and personal lives [2] (c) The rising tuition costs in face to face courses (d) The lack of classroom infrastructure in the universities to accommodate high enroll ment and more students in the campus (e) Learning at a pace that is appropriate to the students skillset and (f) freedom for those who are overwhelmed or feel stressful in the classroom environment. This increasing popularity often translates to another question: Can online educationRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On College Students Essay2391 Words   |  10 Pagescollege students, these electronic devices may come as a distraction when it comes to trying to be social with others. College Students’ Usage of Smartphones A smartphone is highly involved in a college student’s life. Smartphones are useful for communication, entertainment, and a way to gather information. Many college students use their smartphone throughout their day and may even describe it as something they cannot live without. College students may even feel that they are dependent on their smartphone

Impact of the European Economic Crisis Free Essays

What determines whether or not a resource is scarce? Why is the concept of scarcity important to the definition of economics? The determination of whether a resource is scarce is its supply in relation to demand such as land, labor capital and human capital. If there is not sufficient amount of resource to satisfy the demands, then resources are set to be scarce. On the other hand if supply exceeds it demand, then the resource is not scare not only that if the supply of a goods or service is low, the market price will rise, providing there is sufficient demand from consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of the European Economic Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Goods and services that are in plentiful supply will have a lover market value because supply can easily meet the demand from consumer. However there is excess supply in a market, then we can expect to see price fall. The concept of scarcity is because in order to differentiate good in relation to the market, because of the scarcity of resources we need an economic system to determine where and who gets the resources. In capitalism it is the free market system that determines this. In socialism the government owns the resources and determines who gets them. . In the coordinate system of graphs, there are two main relationships between two variables. With the use of numerical examples, describe these two relationships. The two variables is positive means when two variables changes in the same direction and negative means when two variables changes in opposite directions, the relationship is when one variable rises the other variable falls. Positive relations is to say the I need to ex ercise 5 hrs a week to loss 2lbs so the next week I will have to work 10 hrs a week to loss 4lbs and 15 hrs to loss 6lbs so on. Negative is buy 1 CD for $5 and when you by three it is 10 so you will pay $3. 33 for one CD on so on . 3. Why is choice important in economics? What are the costs of choice? Choice is important in economics because of is the scarcity of goods in the marketplace. Scarcity means that goods are limited in the marketplace, and consumers must choose wisely which items they will purchase to meet their needs or wants. Consumers will place an internal value on goods they purchase partly based on the available amount of the good. Scarcer goods will force consumers to purchase these items first, making the economic choice easier for them. Cost choice is the value given up when choosing to purchase one item over another. The item not purchased represents an opportunity cost, the second-best item available, that the consumer lost purchasing a different item. For example you have to buy $100 worth of groceries but you only have 75, so you decide to forgo and buy the necessary basic food item that is needed like bread, milk, water, etc. The Role of Choice in Economics | How. com  http://www. ehow. com/about_5398568_role-choice-economics. html#ixzz1jBKaEUeF How to cite Impact of the European Economic Crisis, Papers

Shakespeare’S Play ‘Romeo And Juliet’ Essay Paper Example For Students

Shakespeare’S Play ‘Romeo And Juliet’ Essay Paper Shakespeares play was written to entertain the people of 1600, Franco Zeffirellis film was set at the same time as Shakespeare play, and set in Verona, where as Baz Luhrmanns was set slightly into the future, Baz Luhrmanns film was set at Verona Beech, in America, this is aimed to interest the younger generations of today who might not want to watch a film which is based on a play written 400 years ago by Shakespeare. Both Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann have made the connection with the idea courtly love written about in Shakespeares play, which wasnt traditional when the films were made. Courtly love is where a young man would fall in love with a woman of higher social class, or married, either way unattainable to the young man. The whole point of Rosline in the play was to illustrate/demonstrate courtly love to the audience, but then Romeo falls in love with Juliet, a true love. Courtly love was a middle age and Elizabethan, European tradition. Even though Baz Luhrmanns is set in America, it still carries the tradition. Both plays miss out parts which was in Shakespeares play, Franco Zeffirelli misses out the apothecary, this is to show his focus on getting to Juliets tomb. In Baz Luhrmanns he overlooks the fight between Romeo and Paris this is because if he killed Paris and dragged him into the church to lie next to Juliet it would take the focus of Romeo and Juliet when they are dead and lying next to each other. Act five, scene one, in Shakespeares play is set in a street in Mantua, and its Thursday, in Franco Zeffirellis sets this scene similar to how you would imagine it, its set in a big house, its dull, and sets the mood of sadness. But in Baz Luhrmanns film sets the scene one, in a squatters camp in the desert, and its sunny. Shakespeares play has an apothecary in, where Romeo gets the poison Baz Luhrmanns film also has this in, but Franco Zeffirellis film has no apothecary in, Romeo just produces the poison when it is needed. Scene two in Shakespeares play was set in Friar Lawrences cell, its approximately dusk on Thursday. In Franco Zeffirellis film scene two is missed out, the two Friars do not have a conversation, Franco Zeffirelli shows this scene by Romeo and Balthasar passing Friar John on his donkey. In Baz Luhrmanns film the post office replaces Friar John. Baz Luhrmann also uses juxtaposition of scenes to show it is all starting to go wrong. It quickly switches from scene to scene to show the Friar panicking that Romeo hasnt got the letter, then the scene switches to Romeo and Balthasar being chased by the police. This creates urgency and chaos, it gives you the feeling the plan is going to go wrong. Scene three in Shakespeare play is set in a churchyard, outside the tomb of the Capuletts, its Thursday evening. Both Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann didnt include the fight between Romeo and Paris in their films, Baz Luhrmanns ending to the film is totally different to how you would imagine it to be. In Baz Luhrmanns film, the police are chasing Romeo as soon as he enters Verona, In neither Shakespeares play or Franco Zeffirellis film is Romeo known to be in Verona, until the end, when he is found dead. In Baz Luhrmanns film there is no fight with Paris, but when he is going into the church he has a hostage, who he threatens with a gun and says the famous quote tempt not a desperate man Once he gets to the door of the church he lets the hostage go, the hostage is a random person which was coming out of the church. Once Romeo gets into the church the police seem to fade away, this is because Baz Luhrmann used the idea of sanctuary to connect the film with Shakespeares play, and beliefs of the time. on Caesar In Shakespeare's play of Caesar EssayIn Franco Zeffirellis film she cries about Romeo killing himself then she talks to the dead body after that she kill herself, the actor doesnt seem to fully take on the role of Juliet and seems to some extent lack emotion. She seems to have just followed the directors said to do and not acted to her full ability. This is also the same for Romeo, his character comes across as fake, the actor doesnt act as you would expect Romeo to behave. In Baz Luhrmanns film there are gaps in-between when she cries, talks, and kills herself, giving you time to think about what is happening, so you get the full impact of what is happening. Romeos character is acted well, he behaves as you imagine Romeo to behave, sincere and full of emotions. This is shown in his childish love for Rosline and his true love for Juliet. Another difference is that in Shakespeares play you would have probably seen Juliet kill herself, in Franco Zeffirellis you see her kill herself, but in Baz Luhrmanns you dont see her kill herself, it jumps to a different scene, outside the church, where you hear the gun shot. The scene of the church is from the sky, where the church looks big and daunting, its dark outside, then you realise just how important the church is to the rest of the town. After you hear the gun shot the scene jumps from outside the church to inside the church, were you see Juliet and Romeo are dead, the alter where they lie is in the shape of a cross, with candles around them, so you could say that they were sacrificed for the peace of the families. And it goes to flashbacks of when they was happy and together Shakespeare backs of when they was together and happy. They are taken out of the of the church on stretchers, covered by a white cloth, as this is happening, captain prince makes a speech, to the families, people standing by and the cameras this is the speech the prince makes in the tomb in Shakespeares play, and in Franco Zeffirellis is, again, made by the prince, standing on some stairs at the end of the death march, where the death bell is rang, but in Baz Luhrmanns film it is made by the prince first then subsequently by a news reader. As the newsreader is reading the speech the television starts to shrink. The language in Baz Luhrmanns film was similar to the language used in Shakespeares play, and was easy to understand because of the way it was acted out more clearly. Baz Luhrmanns film had much more Shakespearean in than Franco Zeffirellis, Franco Zeffirellis film was a bit harder to understand because you was trying to work out what the actors were doing.

Jean De Florette Essays - Emotions, Films, Italian Films

Jean De Florette Jean de Florette Love is one of the biggest parts in this movie, if not the biggest part. Jean de Florette to me is a love story, throughout the movie the talk of love was always present. Even the place it was set in is about love France; love is the first thing I think of when people talk about France. In this move almost every character has thoughts of love. Jean de Florette had the most passion for life in this movie. When he talked he showed so much life, with every word he spoke he expressed it as if it were his destiny. Jean loved his family, and he would have done anything for them. Through out the movie he showed many examples just out of love, for instance when they needed water for there farm, he would go to the stream down the hill packed with water pails on his back numerous times a day. He did that because of love. Jean, Aimee, and Manon all shared a special bond between them, like they all understood how each other felt without even asking. The woman in Jeans life was Aimee, she was a very strong hearted and honest woman. A former opera singer in the city, she moved out to Ruissatel because of her love for Jean. This wasnt her favorite place but she was willing to give it a try for Jean. When Jean was going to the stream to get water for the farm she was right by his side. She was his sole partner and would be by his side forever. Manon was I love with one man, her father. She loved him to death, and would have done anything for him. When they were on the farm she would ask to help just to be a part of her fathers dream. After he died she felt a lot of remorse, for a very long time. Manon started to float away from everything as she got older, her mother, the town, and friends. This stayed like this until a strange man came to town, he was the new teacher and she fell in love at first site. Eventually they became very close and both fell in love and got married. Now there have been only two men in her life that she as learned to love. Ugolin is the most un-romantic person in the whole movie, but some how he finds a place in his heart and falls in love with Manon. With the first sight of her he had nothing else in his mind, but to find a way to get her. His whole life he had nothing else on his mind except farming and making a living. Before he saw her though he was all about growing carnations because of the money and he loved the look of them. Ugolin fell in love and failed in the process of capturing her love. Cesar probably had the most romantic heart out of all the characters, but he also had one of the most corrupted hearts as well. His heart of love was the stronger of the two, he had a love of his life when he was younger but he let it get away from him because he was ignorant about continuing his quest for love. After Cesar lost his passion to love again he put his efforts into being an important person in the town. There was no other family besides Ugolin so he was the only other person that he had love for. Cesar tried to help Ugolin find love so he wouldnt be alone like himself, and he almost succeeded but he forgot to teach him about perseverance. Florette Camoins was in love with Cesar and he loved her back. She lost her love for Cesar the same way Cesar lost his love for her, not trusting each other that there love would never fade. After she lost her love she found a new person that was going to take his place. Love is a powerful gift that can not be taken for granted, with out love none of these people in the movie would have had a real purpose except to work and

The Outsiders Critical Review

The Outsiders Critical Review Introduction A film is a visual medium and normally attempts to portray certain parts on thoughts of characters not explicitly expressed. Recognizing themes of loyalty, moral crisis, honor, and revenge, Ford Coppola brings life into the film The Outsiders. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsiders: Critical Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to explicitly and critically review the elements of storytelling, acting, cinematography, editing, sound and style, directing, themes, genre, and the impact of the film on the society, framing and scene selection in the film The Outsider. Besides, the treatise analysis the main themes in the film directed by Ford Coppola. Story Telling At the onset the film, viewers are introduced to the class stratification in the society and rivalry between the rich kids and Curtis’ camp. Its visual representational meaning conveys the re lationship between Curtis and the depicted structuring of subsequent scenes. The creation of a visual representational meaning proposed the space-based model for analysis centered on the placement of objects within the semiotic space as represented in the plot of the film (Monaco, 2009). The relationship between the visual participant-interactive or represented- in this film is realized by elements defined as vectors or processes which correspond to a group of action in the surprise of fear (Coppola, 1983, scene 8). The story takes place in a society consisting of clear lines between the rich and the poor. Coppola has created an interesting fictional premise that takes the route of a thought-provoking path of action and chase scenes. Reflectively, this creates a feeling of an imaginative casting. Factually, the storyline is far more and fascinating than the film. Coppola even goes ahead to include slow motion pictures yet the film is a high speed genre. This adversely distracts the flow from its original interesting and provocative aspects. For instance, in scene seven, where the Greasers are in the church, the audience is interrupted by their presence which the director modified through the use of slow motion pictures of them (Coppola, 1983, scene 7). The theme of violence is fully exploited. However, the thriller misses the truly poetic orchestrations of actions and heroic displays of bravado especially on the aspect of flow. The film has an intriguing premise on the theme of violence: characters in the film are drunkards, smokers, bullies, and are involved in fights using crude weapons and even end up killing (Coppola, 1983, scene 2-8).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Acting This metaphysical fiction genre captures the lives of the Greasers (Curtis, brothers, and friends living in the low income side of the town) and the Socs (wealthy kids livi ng in higher income side of the town). Drawn from life experiences, this movie reveals the decay of the society as contributed by the themes of monopolistic corporations, misery, twin-self, paranoia, violence, peer influences, and drug abuse. The actors are mostly young adults who still live a carefree life in the midst of poverty. From the third scene to the seventh scene, the Greasers are drunk. The state of anomy in the story line seems to suggest a weak social system and failed family life. For instance, Curtis brothers and their friends find themselves in the company of chaotic greasers. Across the film, a series of tragic events unfold and climax with death. The main character looks moderately concerned and a bit confused. In fact he fails to play his role convincingly. Cinematic Perspectives Contact is one of the most important visual systems as it enables the viewer to distinguish between images that depict different objects and scenes, such as a person or an animal. Contact visualization has been achieved by use dark background that introduces the characters at the beginning of the film. However, from the picture motions, the main character is very cautious in thought and action pattern. Furthermore, the lighting also creates an attitude which relates to the way the viewer relates to the image in either horizontal or vertical angle (Monaco, 2009). Reflectively, when the viewer looks from a vertical angle, it is in order to opine that it depicts class stratification. For example, when the viewer looks up from a low angle, the motion images show rebellion from authority. On the other hand, when the viewer looks down from a high angle, the images show vulnerability. In the film The Outsiders, the above cinematic invisibility forms indicate the themes of vulnerability, fear of the unknown and class stratification surrounding this society. These themes are critical in exploring the plot of the film set in a background of poverty and violence (Coppola, 1983 ). Editing Visual communication relies on both the eyes that see the images and the brain that processes and makes sense of the information received. An active mind therefore is capable of remembering visual images; consequently having both text and images enables one to analyze the pictures (Monaco, 2009). The frame in the storyline of this film deals with factors that the plot language is ill equipped to handle. To be precise, the visually salient elements of the subject and its spatial position are symmetric. In the third scene, the frame picture of Curtis invokes meaning by adding information to the words presented, for example, the story teaches on the importance family values of care, protection as a measure against deviant behavior (Coppola, 1983, scene 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsiders: Critical Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This frame of the film creates a conceptual process that i s visually characterized by the presence of a chronological order piece. This conceptual process defines, analyzes and classifies the place, people or things including abstract ones into a symbolic and analytical parameter. The classification categorizes people, things or places in a tree structure in which things are represented as belonging to a particular class or order. In the film, conceptual processes occur when Curtis and the brothers encounters a surprise fear of the unknown Composition and Soundtracks Since the invention of motion pictures, music has been a vital tool as a communication medium in films. As a matter of fact, the use of music resonates on the facets of the plot and its significance in defining and modeling the synopsis via the creation of desired effects (Monaco, 2009). Often, music takes the form of filmic metaphor, that is, the message being communicated. The choice of instrument used and monotony of the soundtrack Stay Gold in the film The Outsiders and To morrow is a Long Time by Elvis Presley have created the unique coded sounds for recognizable geographical access. Though constantly and consistently playing in the background, these soundtracks are not heard consciously. Rather, they function actively in the subconscious mind as they lead the audience to the preceding scene. Besides, tonal balancing makes these soundtracks a subordinate to visuals and dialogue, though they are part of the narrative vehicle (Coppola, 1983). The background sound track Stay Gold by Wayne Wonder in the film createsan ambience in the plot and ensures continuity as integrated by emotions. In the process, emotional act is invoked for different characterized trait played by each character in the cast.The emotional play is organized into music to make the audience appreciate and feel the same way as expected from the film maker. From the type of music being played, the audience can predict the turn of events in the next scene; whether bad or good. Besides, t his soundtrack evokesthe sensational horror of the synopsis (Monaco, 2009). Without music, this narrative presented in motion pictures would have minimal impacts on the audience as compared to the same with a variety of musical soundtracks (Coppola, 1983). In addition, the song Tomorrow is a Long Time by Elvis Presley in the film enables the audience to identify themselves with Curtis and relate to his role in the film. This composition relaxes the mood in the movie as sadness intensifies. To align to the traditional setting aspects of production design and the society, this composition heightens hyper-real palate of emotional expression.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, this choice of music was essential in the need for a proper balance of production aural, sound accordion, and permeates scenes (Monaco, 2009). Subsequently, this balance has facilitated the addition of decadent uncertainty feeling across the film and in the cast (Coppola, 1983). Style and directing As a matter of fact, irrespective of the level of knowledge and understanding of research facets, literature versions are inclusive of literature tools such as metaphors. Literature comparison is about enjoying the phrases, feeling the actor’s words in action, imagining, and placing oneself in the actor’s shoes. Creation of scenes with consistent assumptions and symbolic insinuation add comprehensiveness to film perception by the audience.The film shows how an individual’s sense of identity is vulnerable to manipulation by others within the same peer group (Coppola, 1983, scene 5). Coppola relied heavily in a balance of irony, realism, and parody in the film The Outsiders to present a distinct literary style in depicting different societal setups. The director artistically underscores the traditional position on triangulated desires as a trajectory and paradoxically dependent on desire nurtured by peer pressure to form the underlying huddles towards fulfilling the traditionally internalized protagonist beliefs in discipline as a normative social positioning institution. Reflectively, integrating this in the theme of triangulated desires to overcome introduces physical and emotional insistent which is climaxed in momentous fulfillment achievement as perceived by the Greasers. The theme of hidden and recurring desires control the lives of the main characters in this wobbly plot. This aspect is narrow and creates an essence of assuming a static plot setting (Monaco, 2009). This is a wise way to maintain the literature touch, making it simpler to understand. Thus, the director has created a quantifiable and intrinsic viewer understanding o f what metaphoric use of a character was about and the resultant effect created (Coppola, 1983). Significant lessons Reflectively, human soul acquires great experience and remains unhurt in the experience of maturity in expression and emotional display. Human intellection is healthier when people lead the â€Å"life of nature† and are not troubled with societal challenges which in the real sense do not exist. Besides that, when people persistently build original intention, without conforming to recognized culture, they would never be confused in speculation. Instead their intellection would have achieved significant reality that other individuals would learn from them. As a matter of fact, these events indicate that the Greasers and Socs had themselves to blame for their unfortunate situations. Their unruly behavior and abuse of drugs not only affected their lives but also the lives of their family members. In fact, their lives are consumed by series of sad events as it is ap parent that the Greasers may not overcome poverty (Coppola, 1983). Besides, their low economic class is an impediment towards relating with the rich Socs. From this film, Coppola displays the existing class discrimination on the basis of the economic worth. The haves always look down upon the have-nots simply because of the external advantages they may have above others. In addition, Coppola displays alcoholism and drug abuse as a rebellious strategy against the harsh realities of the society. Genre This film adopts a mixture of fantasy and western genre. Since the plot is directed towards a well arranged tone, the film can be classified as a genre film. The elements of tone, music track, and character of the cast is critical towards genre classification. Criticism and Analysis The film also elevates doubt of irony and actually misleads viewers with incorrect and strident imagery. Moreover, the film is a sarcastic declaration on unrealistic obsession with violence. Actually, this as pect is informed by the perception that the film holds a solemn disposition on the decay in the society. Actually, the director attempted to suggest a swift change of imagery which entailed street rivalry and darkness. Coppola deliberately uses such metaphors to portray a practical and likely result of an obsession with violence. Conclusion From the above reflection, it is apparent that Coppola’s film The Outsiderscombines the artistic presentation and the soundtracks to create a sense of drama within a minimal feeling of manipulation. Coherently, the level of auditory componenthasa different cinematic repertoire for sensory connection; commonly referred to as context modality. Generally, from the stimuli created by movie excerpts and series of dynamic structural alignment in the film The Outsider, it is in order to accredit Cappola for his creativity. The performance of the cast is not condescending. Thus, it is in order to confirm that this film have lived to its potential. References Coppola F (Executive Producer). (1983). The Outsiders [DVD]. Warner Bros: California. Monaco, J. (2009). How to read a film: movies, media, and beyond. London, UK: Oxford University Press.

Honolulu International Airport Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Honolulu International Airport - Research Paper Example In 1947 it was renamed as Honolulu international airport. On account of its strategic position in the center of Pacific Ocean, it functioned as a halting station for many flights crossing the ocean which flew from the Asia and Australia to the regions of north and South America. It is publicly owned by the state of Hawaii. With the continuous use of the airport, many developments have taken place in the airport especially after 1950s, in order to cater to the growing needs of air transport and to facilitate the increasing amount of air traffic. In 1965 the original terminal building at the airport was demolished in for the development of the John Rodgers building. The terminal building underwent many expansions and the Diamond Head Concourse was added to it in 1970, the Ewa Concourse in 1972 and the Central Concourse in 1980. The airport covers about 2216 acres of land area and about 2210 acres of water. It has four runways with asphalt or bituminous surface and two runways on water that provide service to the seaplanes for landing and take off. Out of them, two are parallel east-west runways and two crosswind runways. The reef runway (8R/26/L) is entirely constructed offshore on reclaimed land. It has been identified as an alternate landing place for the NASA space shuttles. The airport also shares some of the defense airfield facilities with the Hickam Air Force Base. Currently, the airport provides services to 31 operating airlin... The terminal has facilities for shopping, medical service, business center with conference room, restaurant and hotel. The Wiki Wiki buses run between the terminals for transport on the airfield. Functioning as a hub and spoke airport, it acts a primary hub for international aviations and as a point to point airport for the domestic airways. It is one of the large hub airports of total 29 such hub and spoke airports in the United States. It shares 1.36% of the total passenger traffic out of the total large hubs in the United States with a total number of 84,796 fight departures and commuting a total number of 8,684,893 passengers.1 It also transfers a freight of 199,144.89 tones and 28,931.18 tones of mails in the year of 2000.2 The mode of transportation to and from the airport The airport is connected with freeways to other parts of the island and to other islands via domestic airlines as well as water ways. As of now, in Honolulu, there are no fixed rail mass transit systems. The interstate H-I freeway connects the Honolulu city with the international airport and the same road also connects the Hikam Air Force base with the airport. Nimitz Highway and the Queen Liliuokalani Freeway connect the airport with other parts of the Oahu Island. Many state-authorized and non authorized bus services shuttle between Waikiki, a well known beach resort on Oahu Island, and Honolulu Airport. The buses offer transportation to other hotels in Waikiki from where transportation services are available for other travel destination. The airport is in excellent connection with the Honolulu city with the public transportation service, called 'The Bus'. Buses commute from the place at an interval of 30 minutes to the city area thus providing good amount of connection to the

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example It may be argued that gun control regulations are not necessary because only law abiding citizens will follow rules and remain unarmed while law breakers and criminals will continue to own and use guns through illegal sources for offensive purposes like robbery and murder. Supporters of individual rights to own gun for protection believe that increase in private use and ownership of gun for self-protection is an effective method to control homicide and gun violence because legal restrictions will be followed only by law abiding Americans and they would fall prey to law breakers (White p.2). A national survey by John R. Lott reveal that 98 percent of the time individuals have used guns defensively to break off an attack. The positive results of gun use for defense such as carjacking being thwarted, prevention of robberies at automatic teller machines and the prevention of a number of robberies at stores and streets do not receive national coverage and the news covered by media include only encounters that culminate in a fatality (Lott (a) p.3). The data from the Department of Justice’s National Crime Victimization Survey from 1979 to 1987 reveals that the probability of grave injury from an attack is two and half times greater for women with no resistance without a gun than when a women resist an attack using a gun. Further, the probability of serious injury is four times greater for women resisting without a gun than while resisting with a gun. Therefore, the best solution is to resist an attack with a gun and to remain passive without a gun. Men are also better secure with guns though the advantage is significantly lower. Passive behavior is 1.4 times more probable to lead to serious injury when compared to resistance with gun. Male victims, similar to females are at greater risk while resisting without a gun and the difference in the level of injury is lower (Lott (a) p.4). Social scientists have arrived at solutions to some of the arguments about gun

The Importance Of Free Will In Regards To Morality Research Paper

The Importance Of Free Will In Regards To Morality - Research Paper Example Alex commits different crimes from mugging, breaking into stores to raping of minors. Finally, Alex is arrested during a break into an old woman’s mansion, taken to court and sentenced to fourteen years in prison. The climate environment does not suit Alex due to his violent ways and later on after befriending some prisoners, they beat up a cellmate to death. Alex finds himself in as participant in a reform treatment that utilizes Ludovico’s technique that had been under assessment (Burgess 285). Alex is put under the process of reform treatment that proves to be a bad ordeal for him after which he gets released into the society. Later, Alex continues with his old violent ways however, this time with a new gang. Finally, Alex agrees to transform after an encounter with an old comrade and his wife. In theoretical context, a typical human being has to possess the ability to choose what he or she wants to do. The ability to choose encompasses the choice between the good an d the evil that has more orientation on one’s own morality. In cases where a person cannot choose what they prefer or want on a certain matter, then they are no better than any other animal that has no ability to choose that is they cannot be considered equal human beings. The author of the novel represents the significance or importance of having a moral choice on a particular subject. The author emphasizes the importance of having a personal freewill while resolving a certain matter since one has the capacity to transform his or her own life and even become a righteous human being. In the case of Alex, the same ideology applies and finally brings him into a transformed human being with certain expectations in life. The expression of Alex’s disappointment in the dysfunctional family can be considered as one of the factors that contribute to Alex’s engagement in crime (Skjorestad 9). However, having the freewill to choose the right and wrong, he finally manages to overcome the aguish and disappointment since he finally realizes that he has for all this time causing self-destruction through engagement in crime and other undesirable behavior. The novel strengthens the point that persons who make bad choice for themselves are far much superior to the person who is forced into doing something good by another person. In the novel, the necessity of having freewill for all humans was voiced by two people these are F. Alexander and the chaplain in the prison (Newman 7). Freewill has been argued by different people including the author to be necessary for the maintenance of humanity both at individual and societal levels. In the novel, Alex has the chance to point out that revolutions can only be managed or built on freewill. However, freewill in the case of Alex violates certain aspects since the actions of Alex harms other people (Newman 7). The author agrees with the fact that Alex’s deeds do indeed cause harm to others and presents the m ain question in the novel that is whether the society should nurture the harmful freewill (Sandy 67). The author continues to argue out that the harmful free will should be nurtured or allowed since the choice of doing well is genuine therefore cannot be forced (Burgess 282). The author continues and gives the evidence in the instance where being good is forced into Alex through the ordeal presented by the Ludovico’

Chinese Kongsi Clan

Chinese Kongsi Clan Chapter 1 Introduction The Chinese of South China came to Malaya in the great numbers. Today, they comprise about the Hokkien dialect, and they quickly established their clan houses or kongsi, in Georgetown. These kongsi are actually clan temples for ancestor worship. They are set like jewels in courtyards, guarded by great stone lions. However, the role of the Chinese kongsi changes very rapid in Malaya since the late 1900s, and hence their impact on the Chinese community was very significance. The Chinese kongsi were district associations was organized on a district (of China) or clan (surname) basis. Chinese kongsi also were mutual-benefit societies whose membership was drawn from particular village and prefectures in China. In China they were originally religious or benevolent â€Å"self help† associations, which assumed a political or anti-dynastic character at the time of the Manchu conquest, and later degenerated into organizations of criminals for exploiting and intimidating the community. Their rivalries, especially regarding control and limits of the â€Å"protection areas† into which they parceled towns and districts, brought them into collision. Their objects were to help needy members carry out various religious rites, and help in settling disputes among their members or between their members and others. Chinese kongsi are organizations of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname in Malaya. In the opinion of contemporary Europeans, kongsi was quite distinct from the hui or secret society, but the fact is that kongsi was the inclusive term including the benevolent associations, pure and simple, and the hui that was both â€Å"self-help† and criminal in its scope. When the hui were finally suppressed, the kongsi survived and they continue their work of benevolence and mutual assistance.But the maritime province of China from which the Straits Chinese were drawn was notorious in Chinese history for their turbulence and for generations various districts had carried on bloody feuds. When the natives of these districts came to Malaya they brought their feuds with them. To understand how British colonialism affected the Chinese community in Penang to form an association or Chinese kongsi, we have to look into the implications of the colonization of the island by Francis Light an English country trader. 1.1 Background Pulau Pinang or Penang is name of an island in the Straits Malacca and also is a small mountainous island off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, 15 miles long by nine miles wide. The east coast of the island is the site of Penang’s harbor, formed by the narrow channel that separates the island from the mainland. The name of Penang as called by Chinese as Binlang Xu (means island of Penang) in navigational drawings used by the maritime voyages of Imperial (Ming dynasty China) envoy Admiral Cheng Ho. Penang was already identified in the chart of  Cheng Hos voyage to the South Sea in the 15th century. However, the urban development of Penang only started when Francis Light established the trading base of the East India Company in 1786, for the voyage between China and India. All the varied flavours of both worlds- in the faces, languages, customs and costumer- are blended, yet distinct. Penang was founded for trade, and trade remains the hearts of its economy. In time Penang earned a reputation for having â€Å"the sweetest water in the east†. Similarly, the Chinese settlement in Tanjong Tokong pre-dates the English settlement by several decades. There were also Chinese planters living in Krian and along the Kedah coast, opposite the island. The main urban settlement on the island, George Town, sits close to this harbor on the northeastern promontory of the island. George Town was named by Francis Light on August 10th 1786, and is thus as old as the Settlement itself. Light had occupied the island on (July 17th) that clearing the jungle on Penaga Point and going on to mark out what are still the central thoroughfares viz. Having named the island after the Prince of Wales, Light evidently made amends by naming the town after George III, quickly adding name to commemorate and conciliate the Primer Minister (William Pitt), and the Governor-General (Cornwallis). 1.1.1 Founding Penang Penang was part of the sultanate Kedah until it became a British possession in 1786, gaining independence as part of the Federation of Malaya in 1957. In 1786, Captain Francis Light established Penang to serve as an English trading emporium in the Straits of Malacca, an area strategically located between India and China. At that time, the British had no port between Calcutta and Canton, a matter for concern when monsoon storms drove British ship to seek supplies or repair. These scenario had changed dramatically on 17 July 1786 when Lieutenant Gray, under the command of Captain Francis Light, led a pioneer landing party and proceeded to supervise an orderly disembarkation. Captain Light, who was on board the Eliza, had chosen Penaga Point, a cover on the northeast finger of the island, to set-up his headquarters. The Eliza, accompanied by the Prince Henry and the Speed well, had left Kedah port on the 14th of July after having reached an understanding with the Sultan to establish a trading port on behalf of the English East India Company. After Francis Light introduced the idea of a free port, which in sharp contrast to the established practice in the area. The result was dramatic. Small trades who had been sailing to several small Malayan and Dutch ports turned more and more toward Penang. Soon a steady stream of permanent Asian settlers followed. At the same time, Penang also attracted Chinese traders and merited from India subcontinent and the neighboring Malay States. Light reported to the East India Company that trades came from as far as Arabia in the West and Makasaar in the East. Light successfully negotiated an agreement with the Sultan of Kedah that Penang would be ceded to the East India Company in exchange for  £6,000 per annum and the promise that the company would station an armed vessel in the Straits to guard Penang and the Kedah coast. They agreed that free trade would be allowed, and that anyone could trade on the Kedah coast without restriction. Despite having written reports to his superiors in Calcutta about the helpfulness of the natives on the island, Captain Francis Light and subsequent East India Company officers considered the island â€Å"virtually uninhabited† .Thus Light went on to claim the island for the English Crown and christened it Princes of Wales Island. Its capital was Georgetown, named after George III while the fort itself was named after the Governor-General of India, Charles, Marrquis Cornwallis. Through this second treaty signed in 1800, the English gained control of the coastline stretching from Kuala Kedah in the north to the Krian estuary in the south. This was named Province Wellesley, after Richard, Earl of Mornington, later Marquis of Wellesley, Governor-General of India. Once the agreement was concluded, the British boats landed. The next day, a Chinese from Kedah, together with some Indian Christians, brought Light a welcoming gift of fishing nets. Most agree that this man was Koh Lay Huan, a Chinese from Fujian province whom Light described as â€Å"the most respectable member of the Chinese,† and whom he appointed as Penang’s first Chinese community leader or kapitan (a word borrowed from Dutch into English, Chinese and Malay to refer to the appointed leaders of ethnic groups). Penang quickly became a cosmopolitan commercial center, and among the many who flocked to Penang to seek the â€Å"protection of the British flag† were â€Å"Europeans, Chooliahs (Tamils), Bengalis, Chinese, Burmese, Arabs, Malays and Portugese†. By 1789, there were ten thousand residents, and this number doubled by 1795. 1.1.2 Founding Chinese Kongsi As the majority of Chinese immigrants came from the southern maritime provinces of China (Fukien, Kwangtung and Kwangsi) where the Triad Society had prospered, it is not surprising to find therefore that many of them were in fact Triad members who had brought the secret organization with them to Singapore and Malaya. The available evidence suggests that the Triad was firmly established in the Straits Settlements by the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was first recorded in Penang in 1799 as a source of trouble to the local government. By 1825 there were at least four secret societies- the Ghee Hin, the Ho Seng, the Hai San and the Wah Sang- firmly entrenched on the island. When waves of Chinese immigrants deluged Malaya during the second half of the nineteenth century, they had no intentions of making the country their permanent home. They were hua chiao who left China to find their fortune and having found it, and then they intended to return to the motherland. While the Chinese immigrants lived in Malaya, they wanted Chinese social to comforts for their â€Å"home-away-from-home†. As they increased in number their need for closer identification and security drove to set up associations and societies similar to hose in China. So, while the kongsi administration in Penang at defiance as early as 1799: in 1825 they actually plotted an insurrection in league with the Siamese to overthrow the Government; in 1826 Newbold notes the Triad Society in Malacca as being 4,000 strong. In the meantime, the Chinese immigrant also established the association (or hui kuan) which formed on a provincial basis, there were the Hokkien (Fukien) and Kwangtung Associations. The principal functions of this hui kuan were to keep alive links with their home provinces by making available to members reading materials on their home regions, and to provide mutual aid such as subsidies for funerals of members, education aid include scholarships and loans. While the organizations of the nineteenth century catered primarily to the socio-economic needs of the overseas Chinese, during the twentieth century, as the latter became increasingly politically conscious, these organizations also sought to generate concern for motherland among their members. There were also fully aware that China’s future depended rot on caring for regional interest alone but for those of the whole nation. Socially, the dialect associations offered opportunities for sharing news and reminiscences about the home districts as well as for recreation. However, the mains functions of the associations were to provide social welfare services and protection to the new immigrants and those who needed material help when they first come to Malaya. Basically, the immigrant will join the associations as a member to make sure they get the protection and the rich merchants were usually elected as the leaders of their respective dialect groups. They contributed large sums of money to keep the association going, and in return, they commanded respect in their own dialect groups. Through the dialect associations or even hui kuan, many Chinese leaders were able to influence the attitudes of the members towards practically any matter. Thus, as well be seen later, both the revolutionaries and the reformists competed for the support of the leaders of the dialect groups. In a period of about forty years (1846-89), a series of riots, twelve of which were serious, had occurred in the Straits Settlements. Most of these involved heavy loss of life and property, and were serious threats to public security. The Penang riot of 1867, for example, involved some 30,000 Chinese and 4,000 Malays (about a quarter of the total population of Penang and Province Wellesley) in a bloody fight which lasted for about a month, and damage was estimated at $ 60,000 (Spanish). Like the dialect groups and the clan organizations, the secret societies formed an important part of the social fabric of the Chinese communities in Singapore and Malaya in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Before their suppression in 1890, the secret societies constituted a semi-legal of self-government in the Chinese communities, protecting life and property, allocating jobs and settling disputes among their members. Because of the lenient policy of the government of the Straits Settlements, the secret societies came to assume considerable control over the Chinese by intimidation, blackmail and violence. They sometimes recruited newly-arrived immigrants by force and protected opium and gambling houses and brothels. Personal feuds and factional quarrels over spheres of influence frequently led to armed clashes which affected the safety of all the Chinese, and threatened public security as a whole. Significant of study Rational, significance, or need for the study The topic of the Chinese kongsi of Penang has been the basis of many studies. It has also formed part of wider studies encompassing British Malaya and Southeast Asia. Most of these studies, however, are concerned with the origin of kongsi and limited studies have been made on the major role and role reversal of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. The present study represents an attempt to fill this gap. Penang became a centre of regional trade in the early 19th century. Its status as an entrepot was over-shadowed after 1819 by Singapore, which also took over as the administrative centre of the Straits Settlements in 1832. Nevertheless its economic base was strengthened from the second half of the 19th century by the growth of the tin and later rubber industries in the Malay Peninsula. Then Penang became part of the global political economy of colonial capitalism. The newly-immigrant Chinese, who were legally ‘aliens’ and whose ties to their ancestral homeland remained strong. Leaders of both groups sometimes came together in the Chinese Town Hall and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce as well as various organizations, based on clan, district, and occupation, which were the main channels of Chinese social and political life, but the English and Chinese-educated Chinese were ‘virtually separate communities’. The Chinese secret societies, they began as self-help Chinese associations that provided protection and assistance to members.Chinese do want to remain culturally distinguishable, and hat they are drawn in this century both towards nationalism in China and towards embracing local loyalties by the same forces, that is by he pressures of modernization and the erosion of traditional values. Nevertheless, this study has not tried to evaluate the quality of Chinese political life in Penang. The significance of this study is to prove that the role of the Chinese kongsi have been changed between the period of the study. The subject of Chinese amalgamations-kongsi or hui kuan and secret societies which are such an outstanding feature of Chinese life in the Straits-has not been fully dealt with here because it is thought of enough importance to merit a separate chapter, but now that references has been made to the policing of the Chinese in the first decades of Penang’s story, mention of them cannot be avoided if only in a bare reference. This study has been chosen to discuss the problems in terms of politics because politics can be more volatile and more susceptible to radical change. It may not be as deep as social and culture change, nor as fundamental as economic innovation, but I hope to show that similar questions are worth asking about social and economic change and that the answers these produce would provide a sound basis for evaluating the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. Statement of the problem The term for secret society and hui, is often interchangeable with the terms like kongsi or Chinese clan (hui kuan), all roughly translating to the meaning of â€Å"brotherhood†. The term kongsi is more widely know in Southeast Asia, whereas in Penang, the secret societies were simply known as hui or tong. Kongsi or â€Å"clan halls†, are benevolent organizations of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname. This type of social practice arose, it is held in Penang since 19th century. The term of kongsi is synonymous with the contemporary Chinese word for a commercial firm or business enterprise. The kongsi resembled a miniature Chinese village, with its own self-government as well as educational, financial, welfare and social organizations. However, the establishments of the Chinese kongsi not only cause tenseness among the Chinese communities but also with other group including the Malay and India. This is because of Chinese kongsi only help the member with the same surname but not all Chinese community or other race. Like the Penang Riots of 1867 which were nine days of heavy street fighting and bloodshed among the secret societies of Penang which spiraled out of the British control. However, Chinese kongsi still play a very important role as a benevolent organization of Chinese community in Penang. But, the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang also changing slowly just as a symbolic of the Chinese culture after 1960. Meanwhile, Chinese kongsi also make distinction between secret societies with Chinese kongsi. That will has to be subject of more detailed in this study. Elements, hypotheses, or research questions to be investigated Chinese community is the second-largest ethnic group in Malaysia, where Chinese groups are allowed to maintain their own cultures, which then fit into a large dominant Malay national pattern. Associational activities had always been an integral part of Chinese life necessitated by economic needs and cultural predilections. Exactly how were these Chinese kongsi originally formed? How did they function? To what extent did these kongsi reflect to the social organization and patterns of the Chinese community? I decide to seek the answer for two questions. The first was how Penang Chinese kongsi attitudes towards the region did and local people change over time, and how this might has influenced their perspective and play the important role on the Chinese groups in Penang? What are their present roles and functions regarding nation-building? In addition, what factors reflected in the general process change of Chinese kongsi’s role? My second question and the more difficult one was whether the alleged similarities between the Chinese secret societies and Chinese kongsi were the result of contact and mutual influence between them in the colonial period. Has the raison d’à ªtre of the Chinese kongsi changed? None of the answers for these questions are self-evident nor could they be adduced from mere observation. I think that such questions should be best subjected to empirical inquiry (as far as is attainable) and treated dispassionately rather than on conjectural or speculative bases. Definition of terms Having thus obtained a general view of the subject matter of this and the following study, it is necessary trace as far as possible from time of its foundation in each Settlement in the Straits, up to year 1867, the history and fortune of each chapter of the local Chinese secret societies and kongsi which collectively are known as the Triad society and upon that evidence to attempt to separate the several societies into the two rival camps of Triad-Hui (secret societies) and Kongsi (benevolent societies). The use of the term â€Å"Chinese kongsi† naturally raises the question: what is a Chinese kongsi and what different between hui(secret society) and kongsi? To prevent conceptual confusion, I shall make a preliminary hypothesis of what a Chinese kongsi is? The word kongsi so frequently made use in the evidence, means â€Å"company†, and the word hui or hoeys means â€Å"Brotherhood†, â€Å"Society†Ã¢â‚¬ , or â€Å"Association†. A hui is a secret society. But the word kongsi is frequently made use of to denote a hui. In Chinese the term kongsi conveys the meaning of secret and illegal society, only when used after the name such illegal society e.g. Ghee Hin Kongsi. While the word kongsi in Malay terms means a partnership or association of any sort, or a barrack or house occupied by Chinese laborers. But when the word kongsi used in conjunction with the Malay word â€Å"gelap†, it means secret society (kongsi gelap). While Barbara Ward defines Chinese kongsi as â€Å"the large political groups in the mining districts†, which seems rather vague. J.C. Jackson’s points are much more specific because he uses the term kongsi to signify alliances of mining unions and their farming and mining members. Wang Tai Peng defines it neither simply as partnership or brotherhood, nor a combination of both. Rather, definition of kongsi is that it was a form of open government, based on an enlarged partnership and brotherhood. Its purpose was to protect economic gains as well as to resist outside powers. This new political organization provided a foundation for the social and economic life of the overseas Chinese. As Wang Tai Peng made a definition of Chinese kongsi in his study: Kongsi is a Chinese world which indicates a firm partnership or society in a very broad sense. The word has been commonly used in the archipelago over centuries and has become current in both Dutch and various native languages. Literally it means government by a general public or administration of public affairs. The world, kongsi, is derived from the dialect of the Hokkien people who have established themselves throughout Java and commercial ports of the outer islands. In the Hakka dialect, it reads as kung-sze. In Riouw and Jawa, administrations of a firm are customarily addressed and referred to as kongsi. Chinese officials also used this title. Owing to the untiring pursuit of the Chinese of the means to raise capital, the Chinese kongsi is numerous not only in our colony but also in the Malay Peninsula, in the outer islands of Indonesia and in the Philippines. The significance of the kongsi for the flowering and development of Chinese industry, commerce and navigation is hard to underestimate. The kongsi were entirely established to hold people of the same home countries and clans in closer tie or relationship. In the family kongsi, no one, because of the tradition, could have private fortune so long as their father lived. All the family capital were at the disposal of the patriarch. Undoubtedly, if under closer examination, many kongsi would no longer be family kongsi as they at first seem to be. The Chinese kongsi have, however, become more and more divorced from the above-mentioned origins over time, more especially recently. (Beknopte Encyclopaedià « van Nederlandsche Oost-Indià «) In fact, almost every Chinese institution during the early nineteenth century was called kongsi. A temple patron god, a clan society or a provincial club of the Chinese overseas was often named kongsi on foundation. Nevertheless, during the later part of the nineteenth century, they became better know as hui-kuan, a name that was actually much older than kongsi, appearing in the sixteenth century. On the other hand, what exactly is meant by the term secret societies? It does not apply to all groups forced into clandestine activities. Rather, it designates associations whose policies are characterized by a particular kind of religious, political, and social dissent from the established order, such as the White Lotus Sect and the Triad Society. And indeed such present-day terms for secret society as mi-mi hsieh-hui and mi-mi she-hui are neologisms, literal translations of the Western term â€Å"secret society† used from the mid-nineteenth century on by such men as Schlegel, Gà ¼tzlaff, and Wylie in describing these Chinese groups as analogous to the Freemasons, the Carbonari and Sainte-Vehme. The groups known in the West as secret societies were classified by the literal of imperial China as hsieh-chiao (perverse, aberrant, or heterodox sects), yin-chiao (depraved sects), mo-chiao (demoniac sects), fei-chiao (rebel sects), yao-chiao (witchcraft sects), etc. Worth noting is the fact that each of these Chinese terms contain an allusion to the religious character of the secret societies, a character discernible in all these groups whether one speaks of the chiao-men, religious sects in the strict sense that propagated a special religious doctrine, or the hui-t’ang, seditious associations or bands in which the religious elements were restricted to the rites of initiation, to the sacred area called Mu-yang Ch’eng (City of Willows), to the oaths of fidelity made by invoking the gods, and to other Para religious acts. The Chinese language at that time had no accepted term for secret society. The modern term pi-mi she-hui was apparently introduced by the Japanese. Of two authors writing in the same period about the corporation between the Republicans and the secret societies around 1910, the Japanese, Hirayama Amane, spoke of pi-mi she-hui, whereas the Chinese, T’ao Ch’eng-chang, retained the traditional distinction between chiao-men and hui-tang. However, other scholar also called Chinese kongsi as secret societies. This had caused much of confusion in the mind of the colonial authorities. The British administration in the Straits Settlements, for example, had been confusing hui-kuan with hui or â€Å"secret† societies until 1892 when it began to draw a clear-cut line between them. Hui or brotherhood is more proper a term to the vehicle of Chinese self-government as it was then the term secret society. The term secret society† is all the more misleading for the objection raised by Purcell, whatever the precise implication of secrecy may have been: â€Å"All Chinese social organization was necessarily â€Å"secret† whilst it was not recognized or was banned by the Government. The Chinese municipal organizations in Borneo, the kongsis, were, and are, referred to as â€Å"secret societies†, as are all Chinese political organization in Siam where they are illegal.† Some of the Chinese kongsi in Southeast Asia may have carried over the ritual oath-taking ceremony and even the name of T’ien-Ti Hui, they generally evolved from a small partnership, either in commerce or mining. On foundation, they were called hui or union, after which was commonly misused in early colonial days to mean a â€Å"secret society†. Later, when they grew into large organizations with hundreds or thousands of members, they were known as kongsi. The T’ien- Ti Hui in Penang was a partnership in origin. In this study, it should be mentioned here that a distinction should be made between the bona fide kongsi which were, and are, benevolent associations, and the dangerous secret societies whose object was extortion and opposition to the law but in these early days it is debatable whether all the associations did not in some measure adopts similar lines of behavior. Europeans have made a distinction between the huis (as the secret societies were called) and the Chinese kongsi, or district or clan associations, labeling the former as secret and subversive, and the latter as open and beneficial. Even thought hui (secret society) is different with kongsi from perceptive of term, but from the social aspects, both associations are formed by overseas Chinese based on dialect group or same family names to look after their member’s affairs and welfare. As what Blythe mentioned, who writers as follows: â€Å"This attempt to distinguish between kongsi and hui is quite arbitrary-based, I imagine, on the uninformed writings of early Europeans. For example, the Ghee Hin Society was normally known as the Ghee Hin Kung Si. On the other side, most purely benevolent societies are know as hui, even down to the Tontine type of monthly subscription and monthly draw (Cantonese Ngan Wui). In 1928, I was in charge of Cantonese secret societies work in Singapore, and although these were not of the caliber of the old Triad Societies (we could only average one murder a day), quite a number of these societies (descended from branches of the Triad) were XX kongsi. And, as we know, the normal term for a business partnership or for a coolie-lines is â€Å"kongsi†, The Clan kongsi of Penang are quite unique. They do not exist elsewhere in Malaya.† In Chinese usage, Mr. Blythe has concluded that the kongsi are includes hui because this both of the Chinese associations are no distinction is made between good and bad. Blythe also defines kongsi as any partnership or group with a common interest. 1.3 Objective Social and linguistic background and the nature of Chinese immigration determined the form of early Chinese social organizations. The surname differences and a strong sense of regional identity encouraged Chinese immigrants to form their respective surname associations or kongsi. The Chinese kongsi had played a major role in socials and economy in Malaya since the early days of British. However, the role of Chinese kongsi has being change after Penang Riots 1867. The objectives of this study have been first, to describe and analyses the Chinese kongsi activities in Penang between 1820 and 1957 to show how the movement grew and developed in these areas, and later became one mainstreams of the Chinese associations; second, to analyses the responses of various social groups among Chinese community in Penang to the Chinese kongsi, and third, to estimate the importance role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. This study has been chosen to discuss the problems in terms of politics because politics can be more volatile and more susceptible to radical change. It may not be as deep as social and culture change, nor as fundamental as economic innovation, but I hope to show that similar questions are worth asking about social and economic change and that the answers these produce would provide a sound basis for evaluating the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang.Nevertheless, this study has not tried to evaluate the quality of Chinese political life in Penang. The significance of this study is to prove and report the role of the Chinese kongsi have been changed between the period of the study. 1.4 Literature review The existing studies cover a wide range of themes including administration, the economy as well as social and political aspects. Even thought many scholar show that various kinds of overseas Chinese organizations set up for purpose of trade, protection and management were not merely copies of earlier form in China, but some have been given much attention; others remain neglected or have not been subjected to fresh critical inquiry. While most historians concentrated on the controlling forces of Chinese secret societies during and after the pre-war period. Although secret societies were not politically inclined and tended to maintain their traditional roles in running protection and extortion rackets. Secret societies, on the other hand, recruited across such barriers and members were bound together by the rituals of sworn brotherhood around a charismatic and semi-mystical head. Being tightly knit and glorifying martial prowess, they were particularly well suited to the task of colonization and self-protection demanded of a pioneering community. Mak Lau Fong observes in his sociological study of secret societies in Peninsular Malaysia: â€Å"When sworn brotherhood binds Triad membership together, dialect differences are naturally de-emphasized, and the clan system is consigned to a secondary position†. For the aspect of the Chinese kongsi origins, the study by M.L Wynne, Wang Tai Peng and W. Blythe is the most comprehensive, and the best account to date. Wang Tai Peng’s study, original part of a Ph.D. dissertation, depends heavily on Chinese and Japanese materials in both the Menzies Library and the National Library. The question also led him to consider the historical place of the kongsi, and original

The Big Sleep - The Movie and The Book :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

The Big Sleep - The Movie and The Book One would think that it would be quite easy to adapt a novel to a screenplay; after all, what is there to do but turn the dialogue into lines and description into set design? However, common sense, aided by the horrifying number of absolutely awful adaptations, dictates that it simply is not that easy. When moviegoers have problems with a film adaptation of a book, their complaints tend to lie in the tendency of the creators of the film to change elements of the story: plot, character, and the like. It would seem, then, that the best way to make a successful adaptation of a novel would be to just stay as true as possible to every detail mentioned in the book. However, staying as true as possible to plot points, character type, and the like may be the best way to a horrendous adaptation. In moving from the printed page to the silver screen, moviemakers must be aware that they are not simply reproducing a narrative&emdash;they are changing the medium by which the narrative is presented. Oddly enough, cinema lends itself easily to some of the tenets of writing well: namely, the command of, "show, don't tell." In cinema, there is no option, really, of telling, "the details are not asserted as such by a narrator but simply presented." (Chatman 406). The use of a voiceover, of course, is an option, but even the voice of an omniscient narrator cannot stop the viewer from seeing the images and interpreting what he sees. In movies, the viewer does his own telling. The very nature of The Big Sleep, then, makes adaptation difficult. The entire narrative is described by a character within the story space: Marlowe tells us the entire story. Our view of the plot, then, is clouded by Marlowe's sight. Being a character within the story space, he has his own feelings and his own reactions to what happens to and around him, and he passes those reactions&emdash;albeit unconsciously&emdash;to the reader, who, also unconsciously, picks up on them. Marlowe does not act the role of mediator, though, in the film version of The Big Sleep. The Big Sleep - The Movie and The Book :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast The Big Sleep - The Movie and The Book One would think that it would be quite easy to adapt a novel to a screenplay; after all, what is there to do but turn the dialogue into lines and description into set design? However, common sense, aided by the horrifying number of absolutely awful adaptations, dictates that it simply is not that easy. When moviegoers have problems with a film adaptation of a book, their complaints tend to lie in the tendency of the creators of the film to change elements of the story: plot, character, and the like. It would seem, then, that the best way to make a successful adaptation of a novel would be to just stay as true as possible to every detail mentioned in the book. However, staying as true as possible to plot points, character type, and the like may be the best way to a horrendous adaptation. In moving from the printed page to the silver screen, moviemakers must be aware that they are not simply reproducing a narrative&emdash;they are changing the medium by which the narrative is presented. Oddly enough, cinema lends itself easily to some of the tenets of writing well: namely, the command of, "show, don't tell." In cinema, there is no option, really, of telling, "the details are not asserted as such by a narrator but simply presented." (Chatman 406). The use of a voiceover, of course, is an option, but even the voice of an omniscient narrator cannot stop the viewer from seeing the images and interpreting what he sees. In movies, the viewer does his own telling. The very nature of The Big Sleep, then, makes adaptation difficult. The entire narrative is described by a character within the story space: Marlowe tells us the entire story. Our view of the plot, then, is clouded by Marlowe's sight. Being a character within the story space, he has his own feelings and his own reactions to what happens to and around him, and he passes those reactions&emdash;albeit unconsciously&emdash;to the reader, who, also unconsciously, picks up on them. Marlowe does not act the role of mediator, though, in the film version of The Big Sleep.